An Intranasally Delivered Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist Elicits Robust Systemic and Mucosal Responses to Norwalk Virus-Like Particles

Recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles administered intranasally to mice induce systemic and mucosal (fecal and vaginal) immune responses.

Recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles (rNV VLPs) were administered to BALB/c mice by the intranasal (i.n.) route to evaluate the induction of mucosal antibody responses. The results were compared to systemic and mucosal responses observed in new and previous studies (J. M. Ball, M. E. Hardy, R. L. Atmar, M. E. Connor, and M. K. Estes, J. Virol. 72:1345-1353, 1998) after oral administration o...

A modified cholera holotoxin CT-E29H enhances systemic and mucosal immune responses to recombinant Norwalk virus-virus like particle vaccine.

In this study, we evaluated the potential of a genetically modified cholera toxin, CT-E29H as an adjuvant for recombinant Norwalk virus like particle (NV-VLP) vaccine. This detoxified mutant, containing E to H substitution at amino acid 29 of the CT-A1 subunit, was administered with a recombinant Norwalk virus like particle vaccine to Balb/c mice by mucosal routes to monitor the induction of mu...

Oral immunization with recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles induces a systemic and mucosal immune response in mice.

Recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles (rNV VLPs) produced in insect cells were evaluated as an oral immunogen in CD1 and BALB/c mice by monitoring rNV-specific serum total and subclass immunoglobulin G (IgG) and intestinal IgA responses. Dose and kinetics of response were evaluated in the presence and absence of the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT). rNV-specific serum IgG and intestinal I...

Mucosal Immune Response in Mice Virus-Like Particles Induces a Systemic and Oral Immunization with Recombinant Norwalk

Systemic cancer immunotherapy with Toll-like receptor 7 agonists

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonists represent a promising strategy for the immunotherapy of cancer. We have recently investigated the influence of TLR tolerance on the efficacy of systemic tumor treatment with TLR7 ligands. We propose that considering the kinetics of receptor sensitivity highly improves the outcome of cancer immunotherapy.